Verse-by-verse study

Genesis 7 · Notes

Provisional

Reading Guide
Main Text: Primary translation — readable but faithful to Hebrew structure. Notes: Essential Hebrew features immediately below each verse.

How the text is marked:
Words in italics — added for English grammar (not in the Hebrew text)
raqia — transliterated Hebrew terms kept untranslated (explained in notes)
wind/spirit — a word the Hebrew leaves open to two meanings, both kept
"…" — direct speech of God

Notes are tagged by type — Critical · Lexical · Grammatical · Theological — each shown with its colour (see the legend at the top of the Notes view).

This chapter narrates the entry into the tebah and the onset of the flood. The tension between "two from all" (6:19) and "seven seven" of clean animals (7:2) is preserved without harmonization per Rule 22. The cosmological mechanism — fountains of the deep and windows of the sky — reverses the Day 2 separation of waters (Gen 1:6–7). Divine name distribution shifts between YHWH and Elohim within the chapter.

CriticalLexicalGrammaticalTheological

Supplementary — patterns across the chapter

1

And YHWH said to Noach (Noah), "Come, you and all your household, into the tebah, for you I have seen as righteous before me in this generation.

DIVINE NAME — YHWH
- This section (7:1–5) uses YHWH, not Elohim. YHWH speaks the personal, intimate command. Contrast with 7:9,16a where the narrator uses "God" (Elohim) for the structural/cosmic framing. Textual feature preserved.
"RIGHTEOUS" (*tsaddiq*)
- צַדִּיק (tsaddiq) — same word as 6:9. But 6:9 says "righteous... whole in his generations" (narrator's description). Here YHWH says "righteous before me in this generation" — divine confirmation, but without tamim (whole/blameless). Whether the omission is significant: POSSIBLE.
2

From all the clean livestock you shall take for yourself seven seven, a man and his woman, and from the livestock which is not clean, two, a man and his woman.

CRITICAL — "SEVEN SEVEN" vs. "TWO FROM ALL" (6:19)
- שִׁבְעָה שִׁבְעָה (shiv'ah shiv'ah) = "seven seven" — distributive repetition. Ambiguous: (1) seven individual animals of each clean kind; (2) seven pairs (fourteen total). The Hebrew does not say "seven pairs" — it says "seven seven." The TT preserves the literal repetition.
Tension with Gen 6:19: Gen 6:19 says "two from all." Gen 7:2 says "seven seven" of the clean. This is the most visible numerical tension in the flood narrative. Rule 22 + No-Harmonization Principle: both are translated as MT reads them.
"A MAN AND HIS WOMAN" — SOCIAL-PAIR LANGUAGE
- אִישׁ וְאִשְׁתּוֹ (ish ve-ishto) = "a man and his woman" — social/relational pair language, used specifically for clean animals in v.2. Contrast with זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה (zakhar u-neqevah, "male and female") — biological-sex categories used for birds (v.3) and the general animal entry (vv.9, 16). The TT renders each phrase as MT reads it; the two idioms are not harmonized. For fuller discussion, see companion Section A9.
"CLEAN" — BEFORE SINAI
- הַטְּהוֹרָה (hat-tehorah) = "the clean." The clean/unclean distinction appears here before the Levitical legislation (Lev 11). The text assumes the reader knows the distinction — or the distinction is presented as pre-Sinai.
3

Also from the bird of the sky, seven seven, male and female, to keep alive seed on the face of all the land.

"SEED" (*zera*)
- זֶרַע (zera) = seed/offspring. Preserving biological lineage. Same word as 3:15 ("seed of the woman"). The flood preserves the zera chain.
4

For in yet seven days I am sending rain upon the land, forty days and forty nights, and I will wipe every standing thing which I made from upon the face of the ground."

"STANDING THING" (*yequm*)
- הַיְקוּם (ha-yequm) = "the standing thing" — everything that stands/exists. From root ק-ו-ם (q-w-m, to stand/rise). Rare word — occurs only here and at Deut 11:6.
FORTY DAYS — PATTERN
- Forty days and nights: a recurring duration in the Hebrew Bible (Exod 24:18 Moses on Sinai; 1 Kgs 19:8 Elijah's journey). Whether "forty" is literal or typological, the text presents it as a specific period.
5

And Noah did according to all that YHWH commanded him.

OBEDIENCE FORMULA — SECOND OCCURRENCE
- Repeats the formula from 6:22. This is the YHWH version; 6:22 used "God" (Elohim). The formula will repeat at 7:9 and 7:16.
6

And Noah was six hundred years old, and the flood of waters was upon the land.

CHRONOLOGICAL PRECISION
- The flood narrative provides exact dates: Noah's age (600), month/day at 7:11. This precision continues through 8:4,5,13,14. The chronological framework is a structural feature of the text.
7

And Noah went, and his sons and his woman and the women of his sons with him, into the tebah, from the face of the waters of the flood.

8

From the clean livestock and from the livestock which is not clean, and from the bird, and from everything that creeps upon the ground,

9

two two they came to Noah into the tebah, male and female, as God commanded Noah.

"TWO TWO" — AFTER "SEVEN SEVEN"
- שְׁנַיִם שְׁנַיִם (shenayim shenayim) = "two two." After the "seven seven" instruction at 7:2, the execution at 7:9 says "two two." The TT preserves this without reconciliation. The textual tension is a feature of the MT.
"GOD" (ELOHIM) — NAME SHIFT
- v.5: "YHWH commanded." v.9: "God (Elohim) commanded." The narrator alternates within the same passage. Preserved as textual feature.
10

And it was at seven of the days, and the waters of the flood were upon the land.

11

In the six hundredth year of the life of Noah, in the second month, on the seventeenth day of the month, on this day all the fountains of the great deep burst open, and the windows of the sky were opened.

CRITICAL — COSMOLOGICAL MECHANISM
- מַעְיְנֹת תְּהוֹם רַבָּה (ma'yenot tehom rabbah) = "fountains of the great deep." Tehom = the primordial deep from Gen 1:2. The subterranean waters burst upward.
אֲרֻבֹּת הַשָּׁמַיִם (arubbot ha-shamayim) = "windows of the sky." The sky has openings through which the waters above the raqia descend.
• This reverses Gen 1:6–7: the raqia was placed to separate waters above from waters below. The flood undoes Day 2 — the cosmic water-boundary is breached from both directions. De-creation.
PRECISE DATE
- Second month, seventeenth day. The waters recede on the same calendar framework (8:4,5,13,14). The flood has a beginning and an end on the same timeline.
12

And the rain was upon the land forty days and forty nights.

13

On this very day Noah entered, and Shem and Ham and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and the woman of Noah and the three women of his sons with them, into the tebah

"ON THIS VERY DAY" (*be-etsem ha-yom ha-zeh*)
- בְּעֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה = "on the bone/essence of this day" — emphatic temporal marker. Same phrase used for Abraham's circumcision (Gen 17:23,26) and Israel's departure from Egypt (Exod 12:41,51).
14

they, and every living thing to its kind, and every livestock to its kind, and every creeping thing that creeps upon the land to its kind, and every bird to its kind, every winged thing.

"TO ITS KIND" — CREATION ECHO
- לְמִינָהּ / לְמִינֵהוּ (leminah / leminehu) — same lemin formula from Gen 1:11,12,21,24,25. The creation categories structure the preservation. What was made "to its kind" is saved "to its kind."
15

And they came to Noah into the tebah, two two from all the flesh in which is breath of life.

16

And those coming, male and female from all flesh they came, as God commanded him; and YHWH shut it behind him.

CRITICAL — YHWH SHUTS THE TEBAH
- וַיִּסְגֹּר יהוה בַּעֲדוֹ (vayyisgor YHWH ba'ado) = "and YHWH shut behind him." God (Elohim) commands; YHWH performs the intimate, protective act of sealing the tebah. The divine name shifts mid-verse: "as God commanded" → "YHWH shut." The act of closing is personal.
BOTH NAMES IN ONE VERSE
- First half: "God" (cosmic authority). Second half: "YHWH" (intimate, protective act). Both names in a single verse — the text does not resolve the distinction. Preserved as feature.
17

And the flood was forty days upon the land, and the waters increased and lifted the tebah, and it rose from upon the land.

"LIFTED" AND "ROSE"
- וַיִּרְבּוּ הַמַּיִם וַיִּשְׂאוּ אֶת־הַתֵּבָה = the waters "carried/lifted" the tebah, and it "rose high from upon the land." The tebah is passive — it does not navigate. It is lifted by the waters and carried.
18

And the waters prevailed and increased greatly upon the land, and the tebah went upon the face of the waters.

19

And the waters prevailed very very upon the land, and all the high mountains which were under all the sky were covered.

"VERY VERY" (*me'od me'od*)
- מְאֹד מְאֹד (me'od me'od) — doubled intensifier. The same doubling appears at Gen 17:2,6,20; 30:43. Hebrew emphasis through repetition.
20

Fifteen cubits upward the waters prevailed, and the mountains were covered.

21

And all flesh that moves upon the land perished — the bird and the livestock and the living thing and every swarming thing that swarms upon the land, and every human.

DESTRUCTION ORDER
- Bird → livestock → living thing → swarming thing → human. Echoes the creation categories of Gen 1. All that was made living upon the land perishes.
22

Everything which had breath of the wind/spirit of life in its nostrils, from all which was on the dry ground, died.

"BREATH OF THE SPIRIT OF LIFE"
- נִשְׁמַת רוּחַ חַיִּים (nishmat ruach chayyim) = "breath of the spirit/wind of life." Triple compound: neshamah (breath) + ruach (spirit/wind) + chayyim (life). Only here in this full form. Combines Gen 2:7 (nishmat chayyim, breath of life) with Gen 6:17 (ruach chayyim, spirit of life).
"DRY GROUND" (*charabah*)
- חָרָבָה (charabah) = dry ground. Distinct from eretz (land) and adamah (ground/soil). Specifies land as opposed to water — everything on the dry ground, as opposed to what survives in water.
23

And he wiped every standing thing which was on the face of the ground, from human to livestock to creeping thing to bird of the sky, and they were wiped from the land; and only Noah remained, and those with him in the tebah.

"WIPED" (*machah*) — FULFILLMENT
- 6:7: "I will wipe (emcheh)"; 7:4: "I will wipe (machah)"; 7:23: "he wiped (vayyimach)." Promise → restatement → fulfillment. Same verb throughout.
"ONLY NOAH REMAINED"
- וַיִּשָּׁאֶר אַךְ־נֹחַ = "and remained only Noach." The particle akh (only/surely) emphasizes isolation. The entire living world outside the tebah is gone.
24

And the waters prevailed upon the land one hundred and fifty days.

150 DAYS — CHRONOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
- The 150 days of prevailing appears again at 8:3. The flood narrative is structured around precise time markers: 7 days (7:4,10), 40 days (7:12,17), 150 days (7:24, 8:3), then the recession timeline in Gen 8.

Glossary

שִׁבְעָה שִׁבְעָהseven sevenDistributive repetition. NOT "seven pairs." Ambiguity preser
טְהוֹרָהcleanClean/unclean distinction appears before Sinai legislation.
יְקוּםstanding thingEverything that stands/exists. Only here + Deut 11:6.
מַעְיָןfountain/springSubterranean water sources. Plural: ma'yenot.
אֲרֻבָּהwindow/sluiceLatticed opening. "Windows of the sky."
חָרָבָהdry groundDistinct from eretz (land) and adamah (ground/soil).

Supplementary — patterns across the chapter

CROSS-CHAPTER TRACKING (Gen 6 → Gen 7)
Obedience formula chain:
• 6:22: "Noah did according to all that God commanded him; so he did"
• 7:5: "Noah did according to all that YHWH commanded him"
• 7:9: "as God commanded Noah"
• 7:16: "as God commanded him"
• Note the divine name alternation within the formula: God (6:22) → YHWH (7:5) → God (7:9, 7:16a) → YHWH closes the ark (7:16b).

"Two from all" tension:
• 6:19: "two from all you shall bring"
• 7:2: "seven seven" of clean, "two" of unclean
• 7:9: "two two they came"
• 7:15: "two two from all flesh"
• The tension is internal to the text. Rule 22: translate as MT reads, without harmonization.

Creation reversal continues:
• Gen 1:6–7: raqia separates waters above from waters below
• Gen 7:11: "fountains of the great deep burst open, windows of the sky opened" — Day 2's separation undone
• Gen 1: "God saw that good" → Gen 7:23: "he wiped every standing thing"
• The lemin formula (to its kind) from Gen 1 appears in 7:14 — creation categories structure preservation

De-creation mechanism:
• The flood is not merely "a lot of rain." It is the structural reversal of the raqia separation (Gen 1:6–7). Waters above + waters below = the pre-creation state of Gen 1:2 (tehom). The flood is de-creation by water-reunion.

"Breath of life" chain:
• 2:7: God breathes nishmat chayyim (breath of life) into the human
• 6:17: all flesh with ruach chayyim (spirit of life) will die
• 7:15: "two two from all flesh in which is ruach chayyim"
• 7:22: "everything which had nishmat ruach chayyim" (breath of the wind/spirit of life) — the most expanded form, combining both earlier phrases

Divine name distribution in Gen 7:
• vv.1–5: YHWH (personal command to Noah)
• vv.7–10: no divine name (narrative)
• v.9: God/Elohim ("as God commanded")
• v.16a: God/Elohim ("as God commanded him")
• v.16b: YHWH ("YHWH shut behind him")
• vv.17–24: no divine name (description of the flood)



END OF GENESIS 7 — THE TRANSPARENT TRANSLATION (ENGLISH)

"A translation with nothing hidden."