The Transparent Translation · Genesis

Genesis 11

Provisional

Chapter Overview
What happens: All the land has one lip and one set of words. Humanity migrates eastward to the plain of Shinar, where they decide to build a city and a tower with its top in the skies, to "make a name" for themselves and avoid being scattered. YHWH comes down to see the city and the tower, observes that "nothing will be withheld from them," confuses their lip, and scatters them — the very outcome they feared. The city is called Babel, because there YHWH confused (balal) the lip of all the land. Then the genealogy of Shem traces ten generations with declining lifespans: Shem → Arpakhshad → Shelach → Ever → Peleg → Re'u → Serug → Nahor → Terah → Abram. Terah's account introduces Abram, Nahor, and Haran; records Haran's death in Ur of the Kasdim; notes Sarai's barrenness; and ends with Terah taking the family from Ur toward Kenaan — but settling in Charan, where Terah dies.

Key themes: Human unity and divine disruption; the "let us" of humanity (11:3–4) mirroring and inverting the "let us" of God (1:26); the ironic reversal — they build to avoid scattering and are scattered; the Babel/confuse (Bavel/balal) wordplay; the tower "in the skies" (the same word as Gen 1:1); "name" (shem) as both the builders' goal and the personal name Shem; the genealogy as bridge from primeval to patriarchal; declining lifespans signaling a changing world; Sarai's barrenness as a narrative problem that will drive Gen 12+.

Watch for: "come/let us" appears three times — twice from the humans (11:3, 11:4) and once from YHWH (11:7), structurally mirroring the human initiative; "YHWH came down" (11:5) — anthropomorphic language (describing God using human actions and physical movement): the tower that reaches the skies still requires God to descend to see it; the shift from the generic "God" (genealogy) to YHWH (the Babel narrative) follows the established divine-name pattern; Peleg's name means "division" (10:25) — his generation is when the land was divided; the genealogy formula matches Gen 5 but drops "and he died" from most entries.

Connection: The scattering at Babel distributes the nations listed in the table of nations (Ch 10). Abram's call (Gen 12:1–3) directly answers the Babel crisis: where humanity sought to "make a name" for themselves and was scattered, God will "make great" Abram's name and through him bless "all the families of the ground." The journey from Ur to Kenaan, left incomplete in 11:31, resumes in 12:4–5.

Glossary

1And all the land was of one lip and one set of words. 2And it was as they journeyed from the east, they found a valley in the land of Shinar, and they settled there. 3And they said, each to his neighbor, "Come, let us make bricks and burn them thoroughly." And the brick was to them for stone, and the bitumen was to them for mortar. 4And they said, "Come, let us build for ourselves a city and a tower, and its top in the skies, and let us make for ourselves a name, lest we be scattered over the face of all the land."

5And YHWH came down to see the city and the tower which the sons of the human had built. 6And YHWH said, "See, they are one people and one lip to all of them, and this is what they begin to do; and now nothing will be withheld from them, all which they plan to do. 7Come, let us go down and let us confuse there their lip, so that they will not hear, each the lip of his neighbor." 8And YHWH scattered them from there over the face of all the land, and they ceased building the city. 9Therefore its name was called Bavel, for there YHWH confused the lip of all the land, and from there YHWH scattered them over the face of all the land.

10These are the generations of Shem. Shem was one hundred years old, and he begot Arpakhshad, two years after the flood. 11And Shem lived after he begot Arpakhshad five hundred years, and he begot sons and daughters.

12And Arpakhshad lived thirty-five years, and he begot Shelach. 13And Arpakhshad lived after he begot Shelach four hundred and three years, and he begot sons and daughters.

14And Shelach lived thirty years, and he begot Ever. 15And Shelach lived after he begot Ever four hundred and three years, and he begot sons and daughters.

16And Ever lived thirty-four years, and he begot Peleg. 17And Ever lived after he begot Peleg four hundred and thirty years, and he begot sons and daughters.

18And Peleg lived thirty years, and he begot Re'u. 19And Peleg lived after he begot Re'u two hundred and nine years, and he begot sons and daughters.

20And Re'u lived thirty-two years, and he begot Serug. 21And Re'u lived after he begot Serug two hundred and seven years, and he begot sons and daughters.

22And Serug lived thirty years, and he begot Nachor (Nahor). 23And Serug lived after he begot Nahor two hundred years, and he begot sons and daughters.

24And Nahor lived twenty-nine years, and he begot Terach (Terah). 25And Nahor lived after he begot Terah one hundred and nineteen years, and he begot sons and daughters.

26And Terah lived seventy years, and he begot Avram (Abram), Nahor, and Haran.

27And these are the generations of Terah. Terah begot Abram, Nahor, and Haran; and Haran begot Lot. 28And Haran died in the presence of Terah his father, in the land of his birth, in Ur of the Kasdim. 29And Abram and Nahor took for themselves wives; the name of the wife of Abram was Sarai, and the name of the wife of Nahor was Milkah, daughter of Haran, father of Milkah and father of Yiskah. 30And Sarai was barren; she had no child. 31And Terah took Abram his son, and Lot son of Haran, his grandson, and Sarai his daughter-in-law, the wife of Abram his son; and they went out with them from Ur of the Kasdim to go to the land of Kenaan; and they came as far as Charan, and they settled there. 32And the days of Terah were two hundred and five years, and Terah died in Charan.

Glossary

שָׂפָהlip"One lip" = one language/speech. Body-metaphor preserved per
בָּלַלconfuse/mixRoot of Bavel wordplay. "YHWH confused the lip."
בָּבֶלBavelBabel/Babylon. Folk etymology from balal; Akkadian bab-ili =
מִגְדָּלtowerMigdal. The tower of Babel — "its top in the skies."
לְבֵנָהbrickFrom root lavan (white). Mesopotamian building material repl
חֵמָרbitumen/tarMesopotamian mortar. Cf. the kopher (pitch) on the tebah (6:
הָבָהcome!Exhortative particle. Three occurrences: humans 2× (vv.3–4),
תּוֹלְדוֹתgenerationsToledot formula — two occurrences in this chapter (Shem, Ter
עֵבֶרEverEponymous ancestor of the Ivrim (Hebrews). Root avar = cross
פֶּלֶגPeleg/division"In his days the land was divided." Name = division.
אוּר כַּשְׂדִּיםUr of the KasdimSumerian city; Kasdim = Chaldeans (anachronistic designation
עֲקָרָהbarrenSarai's condition (11:30). Drives the Abrahamic narrative.
חָרָןCharanCity in upper Mesopotamia. Distinct from הָרָן (Haran the pe